漫谈秘书写作的逻辑结构

, g' ~3 g' D; I6 K1 umso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">秘书写作, ; e9 k# l/ w' e( ` 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">应有较强的思想哲理性, ; A% ~7 x" X% b3 ?( \, Sfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">其思路的基本点是回答是什么、为什么、怎么办等的连锁问题, * J' } E l& |宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因而又有很强的逻辑性,8 x8 N. }' U9 q: _( K font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">是逻辑思维能力的集中体现。

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& {6 Y) u- v" v, P+ W2 Z fmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">结构, ; U( R& c$ B6 R9 ?. N P2 l4 m宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是文章内容得以完美反映的表现手段, 4 g( y& [; [/ B' U& R9 q) p1 _font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 1 _! V6 |+ g5 @7 ~5 O"Times New Roman"">它不仅是谋篇布局的技巧问题, * h* M/ U. O9 d- R1 {* w: x( {2 H) V0 s( |$ k& h7 Y9 s K2 Z! | mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而且是反映客观事物的思想方法, + v g2 X; [7 X( P* E宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是唯物辩证法认识论和方法论的综合体现。文章和谐统一的审美效应, ( ?8 {+ q. S" R; y4 E font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">首先来自思想, . q: E9 t$ L9 Q9 B3 }" C mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而作文运思是有一定规则可循的, - a1 ]' x y6 V. ` 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">本文主要针对议论性文体的主体部分谈谈逻辑结构的问题。

 

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/ w- U7 G" H- y+ Z宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果关系、由因揭果、由果溯因, 4 D5 ]. P0 N- ]" r% gfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 4 Z! I& f8 g: g; G"Times New Roman"">思路在事物的因果联系中结构

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( p! _* x: w$ R7 a3 s, x* l mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万物处于普遍联系中, ; u1 g5 g% r# h宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果联系最常见。“ ) s8 q* O% N6 F \1 o; u, C 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">安全正点” ' {$ f$ B, v! A' a4 E6 L 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">与“ 0 ?* s' w3 O0 e" k& t8 m 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">多拉快跑” ! y9 n3 O- P5 A8 [ 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就具有因果联系, ; e4 K: U/ u4 g( @1 V font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: F. \) K7 B$ f' a"Times New Roman"">前者为因, 5 N0 e, m1 o' e4 W" Q6 Q* X% ` mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后者为果。对问题型主题进行思考, - _4 [# x$ y0 G/ w3 ?1 N$ D5 nfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">实质是寻求事物间的因果关联, % Z7 Y; L. \: ?' m- M( Z mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果扣结一旦解开, ; S9 X: @1 K! C0 t6 u% R' }/ |$ }宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是一条清晰的思路, 4 a6 d% ]$ O+ s# M font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">就可以写成一篇结构严密的文章。有篇关于乘火车难的社会调查, $ h$ ]7 g U: ]0 s' N8 W0 }0 C宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">作者于篇首尖锐发问: . ^; C; o* S! r0 ?1 U: ] font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 8 H" D/ r z8 T. Z3 ["Times New Roman"">“ & W) S) Y1 g2 L! `% Z6 T! A mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为什么乘火车难? ! g: V6 B' d; T2 U; [( g 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">” % J9 R/ t4 l5 i# ~4 W宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">通过和列车长的谈话, & h5 ~% ?1 R. n font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">作者从众多现象中理出两个头绪: 5 q5 M' A$ V# r; {8 J# T0 _' S) f# n0 ]2 p& ?3 d mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一是车少点儿好。

 

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9 }1 J$ n; L1 m" i. ~/ [ mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在40 # \6 U) o& h( L! @ 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万人口的大兴安岭地区每天只有一趟进省城的火车, 3 j. i L+ ~% K% c( b; M3 \* P% W; Gfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">车往返的点儿在白天和傍晚, 6 O9 F N9 D3 J" L, Rmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">旅客都愿而且也只能坐这趟往返于哈尔滨和加格达奇间的直通列车。二是客票票价低, 9 ~2 ]; y( Q2 [ ^6 R font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: $ G3 k8 v; S0 |: T |5 X"Times New Roman"">坐这趟车的卧铺下铺, 4 ? N7 A7 ]/ x% Lmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">跑完7 19 ! T4 D8 c& E* k, H mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">公里; |; i2 a4 P; Jmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">全程才花2.70 % t% B$ X/ X+ i! b7 L mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">元(1 ^3 k! ~* O3 B 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">指客票调价前), # u1 `5 q6 {# P9 m7 V" u6 ffont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 1 D9 J3 R% U( p) }" j9 b"Times New Roman"">只相当于在中、上等旅店住一宿的费用8 S# R6 u6 u- R$ Y9 ?+ ^ 12.0pt">, , L2 Q5 r5 o3 R& i1 S, u0 w7 A9 s "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">既跑了点, 4 ?% K. p/ X7 s% i* M% L: W font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">又睡了觉, ; s: E: q; H6 D/ fmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">何乐而不为!4 w5 z2 P6 h# t2 {宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这两个原因, % c6 Z' a% }2 b: B font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ; e, B L A s* p"Times New Roman"">导致了直接的结果: . [9 P5 j9 e4 j- zmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">人满为患, * f1 P" G; K3 r$ S K宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">经商、开会、旅游、探亲, 3 d: I& i' A9 u7 M5 Gfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: L" Y0 X+ c9 S"Times New Roman"">“ , y7 P1 p2 J! _' y# Y+ Y mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">千军万马挤火车”% y" o. v; Q; h% }0 i+ p! h12.0pt"> - G0 P& @) a6 Q "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">。

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- m( R# K' Y5 _" F Z1 w6 R3 P) t mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这个结果合乎逻辑, * }* h& S$ A. s* ]宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">顺理成章。此例是因果式的反向, : \# n5 [ \( Q font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">即果溯式, # H( Q3 [7 b* b+ C4 g, L* E. Y5 f6 n mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从结果出发, / \- x( M7 J4 ?: ^ 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">寻找原因, * t, g- |0 ~0 Y4 b H2 C. s font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">从而回答了“ 5 A9 k9 I$ o b* h( J mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">买票难、乘火车难” - f4 z2 e+ ^9 S9 g宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">的社会热点问题。

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0 H; Z) a; F x- o 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接关系、从属蝉联、环环紧扣, ; X0 w* M! E: n: B' gfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">思路在事物的承接联系中结构

 

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- y% p; K' R: {& ^5 A mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接从属是事物内在的一种联系, # Q1 M% R) ^- d$ `& Z+ p4 U宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物的若干方面, b% t# S. n& ^font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: $ I ]; T4 d- i"Times New Roman"">前一要素引出后一要素, + C- V% m! d, y+ X4 H, q; H, J) J. Z7 O9 D mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后一要素是前一要素的必然延伸和发展。这种结构揭示事物发展的整体特征, + @7 j7 v$ c7 r font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">是认识问题的重要方法。有篇关于成人教育的专题文章,+ O$ C& \5 D: | 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是这种结构, 2 w7 P" d, g6 e7 K1 D font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: t0 v7 V/ g6 ^" J+ t) K2 u"Times New Roman"">该文依次论述岗位培训的四个问题: ` l; `! W- R8 s6 k 12.0pt">: $ T5 i# A) b# N$ g+ p "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">面向实际、排忧解难、师资教材、发展生产力。具体思路是这样的: - a K9 M3 X1 P/ Y3 M' j6 Z# Q font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">岗位培训的目的是造就又红又专的职业人才6 n/ I0 r# a7 c+ s# H3 q: C 12.0pt">, ' t6 {9 Q% @& Z# P( j"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为发展生产力服务, 9 j' F6 j! f0 r( u0 o1 C2 H/ ?2 M7 K+ lfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">所以必须面向实际; ; b6 L; |4 [" W, Q3 u+ s7 q# n mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而面向实际, * q" w6 a% S- a 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">要有明确的针对性, 9 X- A' ^' i: G+ d, G5 Yfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ; V5 _7 s! x; v, X& y$ c"Times New Roman"">即解决科学研究、生产实践中的难题" `+ I/ x% }% Y1 |12.0pt">; : f: z& J# y/ f. M1 G"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而要如此, 6 W' e& Z* ~' [7 m8 Q" ofont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">又必须对教育的主导方面提出相应要求# k# p% u# ~# Z: A' t0 \( u12.0pt">: ! O) z* }2 F7 C: a H "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">师资队伍和教材建设; ( G) J4 ^6 D9 i7 l4 v: ^font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 6 f, H9 R; J# b* y9 U: j"Times New Roman"">最后从宏观上概括, " U5 V5 @: Z4 A! u mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">搞好岗位培训的最终目的是发展社会生产力。这样层层相连、环环衔接, 1 m4 t$ q* Y1 Wfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 8 A- h+ n! w L. a b: q4 G"Times New Roman"">使文章形成了回环蝉联的闭合系统* q7 v0 H6 X: S9 z% {3 G12.0pt">:

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) O# ` e: j8 m. @8 l9 b mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">已面向实际一排优解难一师资教“ 9 U/ ]! D4 E0 v& }4 N宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一发” 7 n2 Q0 s; F) O* ? 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">生产“〕

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" G' O1 y1 {4 Y5 y$ e0 N9 V& g1 ~宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">总分关系、先总后分、先分后总, - b8 I2 h) p$ t/ r2 J k, `/ e4 f4 ~: ]+ l7 f6 T7 H( X font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">思路在总分关系中结构

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B" P% Z$ p4 B) {4 n t" ^ mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物总是由若干部分构成一个整体, @ V5 r4 w: a# B2 Z% f7 |) Z font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: $ X4 e, G- O( Z1 m1 @"Times New Roman"">而整体又呈现了个别、具体的丰富性。思路可先在总体或宏观上展现事物的概貌, ) ?$ m; Y1 o; h; ~ 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后由此分述各组成部分的具体内容, & u) C- R" J+ m4 e font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 2 A2 ?* q) S6 a5 C* l"Times New Roman"">在先总后分的顺序中运思, " B# a0 N& j" M mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">把握问题。反之亦可从各组成要素上具体分述, 7 p5 B. M5 V, i7 H. L. w font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">揭示个性特征, & ?: `( ^4 X& e% u. G0 C5 x, F$ v8 omso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后在共性联系上概括深化, $ V i' C3 x* Z3 y7 Q7 D, r4 w宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在先分后总的过程中认识事物。这种结构形式大多表现于记人叙事类文体。如: " u" q1 m. E- `font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">记叙一个人, / j; P! \; L7 b& Jmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">可先从总体上概括这个人的基本面貌, 8 f* K7 j$ R% O' z+ I" Gfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 8 B/ v5 R0 t0 G7 Y* G. c' P"Times New Roman"">而后从其音容笑貌、思想品格、个性特点、兴趣爱好等不同侧面加以具体表现, 9 T. B7 K0 o2 ]7 ` 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从而让读者完整地认识这个人。

 

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' h, k, p8 J& u9 xmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">以上是秘书写作中经常运用的几种逻辑结构。它建立在作者对事物的辩证认识上,) V7 k$ a8 j R" n3 s. p4 Q font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">形成大致的框架。而这种框架格局一经确定, p( v% }' Y, H+ p12.0pt">, ( G" e5 w7 t# L; R9 V"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">又会帮助作者更清晰、深刻地阐明问题。但它的形成, : L3 I5 }% Y8 H2 c/ [) F1 Bfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 8 V/ w$ X X( T"Times New Roman"">需要一个触发点。譬如:. ?0 o; h3 e* R% b! i) S" Q5 z6 j* Dmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对联系环节上的一道点拔, ( @2 O! n6 h* }0 h宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对现象本质的一个醒悟、对分化组合的一点突破, , t2 D/ y# S) ~ Z+ | font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">都会由此激起灵感, ! g% l- p. N( I7 K mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">科学地把握事物的发展过程和表现形态, 8 q- c% t6 h0 A* t3 P font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">从而形成完整的结构格局。正如一位名家所言: ' v' n' g; H1 e Z 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">“ 5 _! {0 ~2 `9 h0 w宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">构思的产生和闪电的产生一样, % P! @- O2 B- S! r/ x7 B$ t font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">有时需要轻微的刺激。”作者：王华俊